Adaptive Content Selection

ABSTRACT

An apparatus, method, system, and computer-readable medium are provided for enhancing the quality of content. A determination may be made that a portion of the content received using a base feed or bitrate completed early. In response to that determination, an attempt may be made to download that portion of the content using a differential bitrate or feed corresponding to a higher quality. Another determination may be made whether the differential bitrate or feed download completed early, and if so, then the differential bitrate or feed may be used as a new base bitrate or feed for downloading additional portions of the content. The differential bitrate or feed download may also provide for a secondary playback of the content at higher quality.

BACKGROUND

Current content distribution techniques include the use of rate adaptiveencoded content. A device processing or consuming rate adaptive encodedcontent can vary the bitrate of the content (e.g., video) as networkconditions change.

Initial resolutions and/or frame-rates used during playback might bepoor as the device typically will not know what bitrate can be expectedon the network. In order to minimize perceived or actual start-up time,the device may initially select a lowest quality stream orresolution/frame rate and then “ramp up” in terms of selecting a higherquality encoding. The “ramp up” may proceed on an iterative basis or inlock-step until the highest quality encoding that the network cansupport is selected.

There are a number of drawbacks associated with conventional solutionsthat are identified and addressed in this disclosure. For example, theprovisioning of higher quality encoded content may be delayed. Forexample, the delay may be a result of overly conservative bandwidthestimates. Storage under runs may result in content temporarily beingunavailable. Content stored in a buffer or memory might not be improvedor enhanced for secondary or subsequent consumption, such as supportinga secondary viewing of video via a rewind command or function, withoutdiscarding the initially saved/buffered segment and re-downloading thesegment at higher quality.

SUMMARY

This summary is not intended to identify critical or essential featuresof the disclosure provided herein, but instead merely summarizes certainfeatures and variations thereof.

In some illustrative embodiments, content may be distributed to one ormore devices, such as one or more user devices. The content may beencoded. The content may be distributed using one or more feeds, such asone or more channels, frequencies, streams, or layers. The content maybe distributed using one or more base feeds. The content may bedistributed using one or more differential feeds. For example, scalablevideo coding (SVC), such as MPEG SVC, may be used. The content may bedistributed via one or more computing devices, such as one or moreservers, routers, etc.

In some illustrative embodiments, a device may download content and saveor store the downloaded content in a memory or buffer. The device mayinitially download the content via a base feed. In some illustrativeembodiments, the device may download (e.g., subsequently download) thecontent via a differential feed. The download via the differential feedmay facilitate a higher quality playback and/or secondary playback atthe device.

Other details and features will also be described in the sections thatfollow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some features herein are illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in whichlike reference numerals refer to similar elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example network.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example platform on which various elementsdescribed herein can be implemented.

FIGS. 3-4 illustrate example timelines for demonstrating one or moreaspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for demonstrating one or moreaspects of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various connections between elements are discussed in the followingdescription. These connections are general and, unless specifiedotherwise, may be for example direct or indirect, wired or wireless, andthis specification is not intended to be limiting in this respect.

In the following description of various illustrative embodiments,reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, variousembodiments in which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced. It isto be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structuraland functional modifications may be made, without departing from thescope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example network 100 on which many of the variousfeatures described herein may be implemented. Network 100 may be anytype of information distribution network, such as satellite, telephone,cellular, wireless, etc. One example may be an optical fiber network, acoaxial cable network or a hybrid fiber/coax distribution network. Suchnetworks 100 use a series of interconnected communication lines 101(e.g., coaxial cables, optical fibers, wireless, etc.) to connectmultiple premises 102 (e.g., businesses, homes, consumer dwellings,etc.) to a central office or headend 103. The central office 103 maytransmit downstream information signals onto the lines 101, and eachpremises 102 may have a receiver used to receive and process thosesignals.

There may be one line 101 originating from the central office 103, andit may be split a number of times to distribute the signal to variouspremises 102 in the vicinity (which may be many miles) of the centraloffice 103. The lines 101 may include components not illustrated, suchas splitters, filters, amplifiers, etc. to help convey the signalclearly, but in general each split introduces a bit of signaldegradation. Portions of the lines 101 may also be implemented withfiber-optic cable, while other portions may be implemented with coaxialcable, other lines, or wireless communication paths.

The central office 103 may include a termination system (TS) 104, suchas a cable modem termination system (CMTS), which may be a computingdevice configured to manage communications between devices on thenetwork of lines 101 and backend devices such as servers 105-107 (to bediscussed further below). The termination system (TS) may be asspecified in a standard, such as the Data Over Cable Service InterfaceSpecification (DOCSIS) standard, published by Cable TelevisionLaboratories, Inc. (a.k.a. CableLabs), or it may be a similar ormodified device instead. The termination system (TS) may be configuredto place data on one or more downstream frequencies to be received bymodems at the various premises 102, and to receive upstreamcommunications from those modems on one or more upstream frequencies.The central office 103 may also include one or more network interfaces108, which can permit the central office 103 to communicate with variousother external networks 109. These networks 109 may include, forexample, networks of Internet devices, telephone networks, cellulartelephone networks, fiber optic networks, local wireless networks (e.g.,WiMAX), satellite networks, and any other desired network, and theinterface 108 may include the corresponding circuitry needed tocommunicate on the network 109, and to other devices on the network suchas a cellular telephone network and its corresponding cell phones.

As noted above, the central office 103 may include a variety of servers105-107 that may be configured to perform various functions. Forexample, the central office 103 may include a push notification server105. The push notification server 105 may generate push notifications todeliver data and/or commands to the various premises 102 in the network(or more specifically, to the devices in the premises 102 that areconfigured to detect such notifications). The central office 103 mayalso include a content server 106. The content server 106 may be one ormore computing devices that are configured to provide content to usersin the premises 102. This content may be, for example, video on demandmovies, television programs, songs, text listings, etc. The contentserver 106 may include software to validate user identities andentitlements, locate and retrieve requested content, encrypt thecontent, and initiate delivery (e.g., streaming) of the content to therequesting user and/or device.

The central location 103 may also include one or more applicationservers 107. An application server 107 may be a computing deviceconfigured to offer any desired service, and may run various languagesand operating systems (e.g., servlets and JSP pages running onTomcat/MySQL, OSX, BSD, Ubuntu, Redhat, HTML5, JavaScript, AJAX andCOMET). For example, an application server may be responsible forcollecting television program listings information and generating a datadownload for electronic program guide or interactive program guidelistings. Another application server may be responsible for monitoringuser viewing habits and collecting that information for use in selectingadvertisements. Another application server may be responsible forformatting and inserting advertisements in a video stream beingtransmitted to the premises 102. Another application server may beresponsible for receiving user remote control commands, and processingthem to provide an intelligent remote control experience.

An example premises 102 a may include an interface 120. In one aspect,the interface 120 may comprise a modem 110, which may includetransmitters and receivers used to communicate on the lines 101 and withthe central office 103. The modem 110 may be, for example, a coaxialcable modem (for coaxial cable lines 101), a fiber interface node (forfiber optic lines 101), or any other desired modem device. The modem 110may be connected to, or be a part of, a gateway interface device 111.The gateway interface device 111 may be a computing device thatcommunicates with the modem 110 to allow one or more other devices inthe premises 102 a to communicate with the central office 103 and otherdevices beyond the central office. The gateway 111 may be a set-top box(STB), digital video recorder (DVR), computer server, or a combinationthereof, or any other desired computing device. The gateway 111 may alsoinclude (not shown) local network interfaces to provide communicationsignals to devices in the premises 102 a, such as televisions 112,additional STBs 113, personal computers 114, laptop computers 115,wireless devices 116 (wireless laptops and netbooks, mobile phones,mobile televisions, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.), and anyother desired devices. Examples of the local network interfaces includeMultimedia Over Coax Alliance (MoCA) interfaces, Ethernet interfaces,universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, wireless interfaces (e.g., IEEE802.11), Bluetooth interfaces, and others.

FIG. 2 illustrates general hardware elements that can be used toimplement any of the various computing devices discussed above. Thecomputing device 200 may include one or more processors 201, which mayexecute instructions of a computer program to perform any of thefeatures described herein. The instructions may be stored in any type ofcomputer-readable medium or memory, to configure the operation of theprocessor 201. For example, instructions may be stored in a read-onlymemory (ROM) 202, random access memory (RAM) 203, removable media 204,such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive, compact disk (CD) or digitalversatile disk (DVD), floppy disk drive, or any other desired electronicstorage medium. Instructions may also be stored in an attached (orinternal) hard drive 205. The computing device 200 may include one ormore output devices, such as a display 206 (or an external television),and may include one or more output device controllers 207, such as avideo processor. There may also be one or more user input devices 208,such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, microphone,etc. The computing device 200 may also include one or more networkinterfaces, such as input/output circuits 209 (such as a network card)to communicate with an external network 210. The network interface maybe a wired interface, wireless interface, or a combination of the two.In some illustrative embodiments, the interface 209 may include a modem(e.g., a cable modem), and the network 210 may include the communicationlines 101 discussed above, the external network 109, an in-home network,a provider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxialdistribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any other desirednetwork.

Aspects of this disclosure may be implemented to enhance the quality ofcontent available at a user device. For example, aspects of thisdisclosure provide higher quality content at a user device at a point intime that is earlier than when such content would otherwise be availableusing conventional solutions. A user device may download content usingone or more base and differential feeds.

For purposes of illustrative simplicity and consistency, the examplesdescribed below relate to the distribution, downloading, and storage ofdata (e.g., video, audio, etc.). It is understood that the examplescould be modified or adapted to accommodate any form of content, such asaudio (e.g., music, voice), text files, emails, instant messages,images/pictures, etc.

FIGS. 3-4 illustrate example timelines that may be used to demonstrateone or more aspects of this disclosure. The timelines shown in FIGS. 3-4may be used or operated in connection with one or more environments,devices, or components, such as the environments, devices, andcomponents described above in connection with FIGS. 1-2.

FIG. 3 illustrates a timeline, represented via a heavy line graph 302,that a user device may experience using conventional techniques forselecting content, such as a program, to download. The timeline reflectssamples or instances of time on the horizontal axis and various bitratesthat may be associated with the program available on one or more feedson the vertical axis. The time between samples or instances of time maybe a function of how blocks of the program are arranged or organized.For example, the time span covered between times T3 and T4 maycorrespond to one second or two seconds in some illustrativeembodiments. FIG. 3 is not necessarily drawn to scale. The values shownin FIG. 3 are for illustrative purposes and may be modified in someembodiments.

At a time just before T1, a user may have selected the program. Forexample, the user may have selected the program from a database or anelectronic programming guide (EPG). A device associated with the user(e.g., a set-top box, a mobile device, a display device, a computer, alaptop, etc.) might not know what bandwidth is available to it, what thenetwork conditions are like, etc. As such, and in response to the user's(or a device's) selection of the program, the user device may initiallyselect the lowest or worst quality bitrate that is available (which, inthis case, corresponds to 200 kbit). Selecting the lowest qualitybitrate may also tend to minimize the time lag between when the userselected the program and when the program appears on a display screenassociated with the user device or is otherwise processed by the device.

As the user device is able to buffer or store more of the program, theuser device may “ramp up” its selection of a higher quality version ofthe program. For example, between T1 and T6, an increase in terms ofbitrate or encoding may be realized from 200 kbit to 3.5 mbit.

At T6, the highest quality bitrate is selected, which may reflect thatthe network that the client is associated with can sustain at least 3.5mbit of traffic. Starting at T9, and continuing to T10, the user devicemay select the 2.0 mbit bitrate. The step down associated with T9 may bethe result of, e.g., a short burst of interference or other traffic onthe network. At T10, the condition that caused the step down at T9 mayhave subsided or been mitigated, such that the user device can selectthe 3.5 mbit bitrate once again.

Starting at T11, and continuing to T12, the user device may select the400 kbit bitrate. The selection of the 400 kbit bitrate may be theresult of a drastic network condition, such as the user walking to theedge of a service coverage area (e.g., the edge of a Wi-Fi coveragearea). The drop down to the 400 kbit bitrate may be undertaken to avoida buffer under run (e.g., a lack of data being available at the userdevice for presentation). Starting at T12, the condition that caused thedrop down starting at T11 may have subsided or been mitigated, such thatthe user device can select the 3.5 mbit bitrate once again.

There are a number of drawbacks associated with the bitrate selectionsshown in FIG. 3. For example, the ramp up time (e.g., the time periodcovering just before T1 until T6) from the lowest quality bitrate (200kbit in the example of FIG. 3) until the highest quality bitrate (3.5mbit in the example of FIG. 3) is selected is relatively long. In such ascenario, a playback of each better resolution bitrate (e.g., the 1.2mbit bitrate corresponding to the time covered from T3 to T5) may berequired with no way to improve that bitrate until the next timeframe(e.g., T5) when the user device can select a higher bitrate (e.g., 2.0mbit). In other words, there may be no way to provide higher-qualitycontent at an output device until a corresponding feed associated withthe higher-quality content is selected by the user device. Furthermore,if the user wants to engage in a secondary viewing of the program, suchas engaging a rewind operation, the user might be forced to view thesame lower quality version of the program portion. Thus, if at a time inthe playing of the program corresponding to T7 the user initiated arewind operation or command to a point in time corresponding to T4 inthe program, the user might have to watch that portion of the programonce again based on a 1.2 mbit bitrate (or, alternatively, the userdevice would have to re-download the portion of the programcorresponding to T4, this time at a higher rate, such as 3.5 mbit).

FIG. 4 illustrates a timeline, represented via a heavy line graph 402,that a user device may experience using one or more techniques describedherein for selecting bitrates corresponding to the selected content(e.g., video program). Relative to line graph 302 shown in FIG. 3, linegraph 402 attains the highest bitrate (3.5 mbit in these examples) at anearlier point in time. FIG. 4 is not necessarily drawn to scale. Thevalues shown in FIG. 4 are for illustrative purposes and may be modifiedin some embodiments. For purposes of comparison, it may be assumed thatthe user device was exposed to identical conditions (e.g., identical orsimilar network conditions) in relation to the timelines 302 and 402shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively.

In FIG. 4, horizontal bars 406 may represent differential feeds (e.g.,differential channels, layers, or streams, such as MPEG SVC streams).The differential feeds may be indicative of the difference between abase feed (e.g., a base channel, layer, or stream) and a higher qualityencoded feed or bitrate. Thus, horizontal bar 406 a may be indicative ofthe difference between a 200 kbit bitrate and a 2.0 mbit bitrate asshown in FIG. 4. Similarly, horizontal bars 406 b (shown as 406 b-1 and406 b-2) and 406 c may be indicative of a difference between a 2.0 mbitbitrate and a 3.5 mbit bitrate. Horizontal bar 406 d may be indicativeof a difference between a 400 kbit bitrate and a 3.5 mbit bitrate.

In operation, and in response to a selection of the program (e.g.,selection by the user), the user device may begin to download theprogram corresponding to the 200 kbit bitrate as shown. The user devicemay determine, at a point in time that is slightly after T1, that itcompleted downloading a portion of the program in less time than thetime frame covered by T1 to T2. For example, if the time frame coveredby T1 and T2 is equal to one second, and the user device is able todownload the portion of the program corresponding to T1-T2 at 200 kbitsin five hundredths of a second (0.05), then the user device maydetermine that it has excess time (in this example, ninety-fivehundredths of a second (1 second−0.05 seconds=0.95 seconds)) in which itcould download a higher quality version of that portion of the programbefore the start of the next time frame. The beginning or left-hand partof horizontal bar 406 a may represent the user device starting todownload the portion of the program at a higher bitrate, namely, thedifference between 2.0 mbits and 200 kbits as shown in the example ofFIG. 4. In some illustrative embodiments, the differential bitrate maybe slightly greater than the actual difference between the two bitrates(e.g., the difference between 2.0 mbits and 200 kbits) due toinefficiencies. Such inefficiencies may, for example, be due to, or bethe result of, an encoding used.

The horizontal location of vertical (dashed) bars 410 a-410 d may berepresentative of when the user device has completed downloading theportion of the program provided via the differential bitrate or feed.Thus, starting at the time corresponding to vertical bar 410 a, theportion of the program corresponding to times T1-T2 may be available tothe user device at a quality corresponding to 2.0 mbit. The user devicemay begin playing back the portion of the program corresponding to T1-T2at the time represented by the location of vertical bar 410 a using 2.0mbit quality video. In other words, starting at the time coinciding withthe location of vertical bar 410 a, the program may be displayed using2.0 mbit quality video based on a 200 kbit base and a 2.0 mbitdifferential.

At time T2 in FIG. 4, the user device (or associated device) may know,or at least have a high degree of confidence, that the networkconditions are sufficient to support at least 2.0 mbit downloads due toa successful downloading of the 2.0 mbit differential bitrate (betweenT1 and the temporal or horizontal location of vertical bar 410 a) asreflected via vertical bar 410 a. As such, the user device may select a2.0 mbit base bitrate for the time frame corresponding to T2-T3.

Shortly after the start of T2, the user device may complete downloadingthe portion of the program corresponding to the time frame from T2-T3 at2.0 mbit quality. The user device may attempt to download differential3.5 mbit quality video (e.g., 3.5 mbit−2.0 mbit) corresponding to theportion of the program from T2-T3 in order to enhance its quality. Thisattempt to download the differential 3.5 mbit quality video is reflectedin FIG. 4 via the horizontal bar 406 b-1. The user device might not havesucceeded in downloading the differential 3.5 mbit quality video beforethe user device might need to start buffering the (2.0 mbit) base forthe portion of the program corresponding to T3-T4, and this failure isreflected by horizontal bar 406 b-1 being shown as dots in FIG. 4. Thedifferential 3.5 mbit quality video reflected by horizontal bar 406 b-1might not be used during a live playback of the program.

Shortly after the start of T3, the user device may complete downloadingthe portion of the program corresponding to the time frame from T3-T4 at2.0 mbit quality. The user device may attempt to download differential3.5 mbit quality video (e.g., 3.5 mbit−2.0 mbit) corresponding to theportion of the program from T3-T4 in order to enhance its quality. Thisattempt to download the differential 3.5 mbit quality video is reflectedin FIG. 4 via the horizontal bar 406 b-2. The user device may completethe download of the differential 3.5 mbit quality video at a timecorresponding to the horizontal location of a vertical bar 410 b.Starting at the time coinciding with the location of vertical bar 410 b,the program may be displayed using 3.5 mbit quality video based on a 2.0mbit base and a 3.5 mbit differential.

Similar examples of successful differential downloads are reflected viahorizontal bars 406 c and 406 d and vertical bars 410 c and 410 d. Inboth cases, a downloading of differential 3.5 mbit quality video may berealized in advance of the time period corresponding to the next portionof the program.

Regarding the unsuccessful download of the differential 3.5 mbit qualityvideo corresponding to horizontal bar 406 b-1 for time frame T2-T3, asdescribed above 3.5 mbit quality video might not be displayed during alive playback. However, that downloaded 3.5 mbit quality video may stillbe displayed. For example, at a later point in time (e.g., at time T6 isin FIG. 4), the download of the differential 3.5 mbit quality videocorresponding to time frame T2-T3 can be completed to facilitate asecondary viewing or showing. For example, the downloading of thedifferential 3.5 mbit quality video corresponding to time frame T2-T3may be completed to allow a user to rewind to the portion of the programcorresponding to T2-T3 with the opportunity to provide 3.5 mbit qualityvideo to the user. In general, a user device may request a differentialfeed for one or more timeframes where the user device did not requestthe highest base bitrate. Such requests may facilitate secondaryplayback (e.g., playback from memory) for those timeframes using thehighest bitrate.

Comparing the heavy lines graphs 302 and 402 of FIGS. 3 and 4 to oneanother, one can see that using the techniques described above inconnection with FIG. 4 enable higher quality video to be displayed at anearlier point in time relative to the conventional techniques used inconnection with FIG. 3. Using the techniques associated with FIG. 4, theuser device may determine that it completed downloading a portion of theprogram in less time than was otherwise allocated. Thus, the user devicecould attempt to enhance that same portion by downloading acorresponding differential bitrate video (or other content). If thatattempt is successful, then the user device may gain confidence that thenetwork can support downloads at the higher rate corresponding to thesum or combination of the base and differential, allowing downloads offuture portions to take place using a base at the higher rate. In otherwords, the “ramp up” time to reach the highest quality video can bereduced by leveraging knowledge gained during previous timeframes, suchthat the user device can select a higher base rate or feed at a point intime that is earlier relative to conventional techniques.

The user device (or user, via inputs) may determine how aggressive itwants to be in downloading differential bitrate video based on the timeit takes the user device to download the base bitrate. Continuing theabove example, if the time period between T1 and T2 corresponds to 1second, and the user device determines that it has completed downloadingthe base bitrate of 200 kbits 0.05 seconds after the start of T1, thenthe user device may have a high degree of confidence that it coulddownload differential 2.0 mbit quality video corresponding to thatportion in the remaining 0.95 seconds.

The user device may compare bitrates to time to determine how aggressiveto be. For example, the user device may compare the proportion of thedifferential bitrate and the base bitrate to the proportion of theportion time and the base bitrate download time. In this example, theproportion of the differential bitrate and the base bitrate is ten (2.0mbit/200 kbit=10), which is less than the proportion of portion time andthe base bitrate download time of twenty (1 second/0.05 seconds=20). Thefact that the proportion of the differential bitrate and the basebitrate is less than the proportion of the portion time and the basebitrate download time may provide the user device confidence that it candownload the differential 2.0 mbit quality video in sufficient time. Insome illustrative embodiments or in some instances, the proportion ofthe differential bitrate and the base bitrate may need to be less thanthe proportion of the portion time and the base bitrate download time bya threshold amount in order to preclude the user device (or user) frombeing overly aggressive.

In some illustrative embodiments, a measurement of network resources maybe facilitated by tracking download performance over time and the userdevice can adaptively determine whether to be more or less aggressive.For example, if a user device is being moved towards the edge of aservice region, and the network device determines that it is taking alonger amount of time to download a similarly sized data block (e.g., areduction in throughput), the user device can use that information toreduce the base bitrate download for the next (or a future) data block.Similarly, if the expected or anticipated worse network conditions arenot realized or actually present, a differential feed may be utilized toquickly get back to a higher bitrate.

In some illustrative embodiments, the user device may determine ormeasure signal strength and base a decision as to whether to downloaddata using a particular bitrate on the measurement. In some embodiments,the user device may determine or measure a current modulation (oranother parameter) used and may base a decision as to whether todownload data using a particular bitrate in view of the modulation (oranother parameter). In some embodiments, as a user device (e.g., awireless device) reduces a signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, a lowermodulation profile may be selected.

In some embodiments, the type of content that is downloaded or requestedmay serve as part of an input to a decision process as to whether todownload data using a particular bitrate or feed. For example, if a userbrowses to a particular website that provides videos on demand,knowledge that the user browsed to that website could be used to predictthat it is likely (e.g., within a threshold) that the user will requesta video download shortly thereafter.

The user device may include a clock (e.g., clock 222 of device 200 inFIG. 2) and/or a processor to facilitate the measurement of time andconduct computations or calculations to determine what base ordifferential bitrate feeds to download. For example, the user device maycount cycles of the clock to determine when or how early a givendownload operation will take to complete.

For purposes of presentation, the above examples are based on six basebitrates. In some illustrative embodiments, more or less than six basebitrates may be used. For example, in some embodiments a single basebitrate may be used (e.g., the lowest quality bitrate, which wouldcorrespond to 200 kbits in FIGS. 3 and 4), and all of the other higherbitrates would be differentials. The downside to using this approach mayinclude additional bandwidth consumption resulting from inefficiencies,such as inefficiencies in encoding. Less overhead may be incurred insupporting multiple base bitrates.

FIG. 5 illustrates a method in connection with one or more aspects ofthis disclosure. The method may be executed in conjunction with one ormore devices, environments, or architectures, such as the devices,environments, and architectures described above in connection with FIGS.1-2.

In step 502, a user selection of content may be received. For example,the user selection may correspond to a selection of a television programfrom a database or an electronic programming guide (EPG), a request fora song to be downloaded from a database, or the like.

In step 508, a bitrate may be selected for downloading the content. Interms of the flow from step 502 to step 508, the selected bitrate ofstep 508 may correspond to a base or lowest quality bitrate available ina given environment. Referring, for example, to the examples describedabove in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4, the 200 kbit bitrate mayinitially be selected in connection with the flow from step 502 to step508.

In step 514, a determination may be made whether the bitrate selected instep 508 has resulted in a downloading of the content (e.g., a portion,fragment, or segment of the content) completing early (e.g., before thenext time block). If the downloading did not complete early (e.g., the“No” path is taken out of step 514), the bitrate for downloading thecontent may be maintained. In some illustrative embodiments, if thedownloading did not complete early, the bitrate associated with thedownloading of the content may be reduced (not shown in FIG. 5) in orderto avoid a buffer under run, for example.

If it is determined that the download completed early (e.g., the “Yes”path is taken out of step 514), then a determination may be made whethera higher differential bitrate is available in step 520. If a higherdifferential bitrate is not available (e.g., the “No” path is taken outof step 520), then the flow may proceed back to step 514 with respect tothe next portion of the content to be downloaded. If a higherdifferential bitrate is available (e.g., the “Yes” path is taken out ofstep 520), then flow may proceed to step 526 to select a differentialbitrate for downloading.

In step 526, a differential bitrate may be selected for downloading. Theselection may be based at least in part on the proportion of time ittook to download the base bitrate, or how early the download of a basebitrate was completed (in connection with step 514), relative to theproportion of the base bitrate and candidate differential bitratesavailable.

In step 532, a determination may be made whether the selecteddifferential bitrate download completed early. If it did not (e.g., the“No” path is taken out of step 532), then flow may proceed back to step514 using the same base bitrate for the next portion of the content. Ifthe differential bitrate download completed early (e.g., the “Yes” pathis taken out of step 532), then flow may proceed to step 508 where thebase bitrate may be modified to correspond to the differential bitrateselected in connection with step 526. Alternatively, if the differentialbitrate download completed early (e.g., the “Yes” path is taken out ofstep 532), then flow may proceed to step 520, to determine whetheranother differential bit rate (e.g., an even higher quality bit rate) isavailable.

The method described above in connection with FIG. 5 is illustrative. Insome embodiments, the order of the steps (or portions thereof) may bemodified from what is shown in FIG. 5. Some of the steps (or portionsthereof) may be optional in some embodiments. Additional steps not shownmay be included in some embodiments.

Examples described above related to adaptively selecting content inaccordance with a bitrate. Bitrates are representative of only onequality related aspect. In some embodiments, selections may be based onone or more other quality related aspects or parameters. For example,one or more of throughput, processing speed, compression/decompression,modulation, signal quality/fidelity, etc., may be analyzed as part of aselection process.

The techniques described herein may apply to data at any level ofabstraction or organization. For example, content may be fragmented intovarious-sized pieces, and the techniques may be applied to one or moreof the pieces. In some embodiments, fragmentation may be used to enhanceparticular portions of, e.g., a content item or asset. For example, oneor more prioritization schemes may be used in conjunction withfragmentation to enhance particular pieces of a content item. In someembodiments, enhanced fragments may be used in connection withadvertising or solicitation. For example, enhanced pieces of content maybe used as a trailer or promotion for the content.

In some embodiments, one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, oneor more user devices, etc.) may include a fragmentor configured tofragment, e.g., a content item or asset. The fragmentor may be tied orcoupled to an originating server, such as a content provider server.

While some examples have been described above in the context oftelevision technology and communications, aspects of this disclosure mayreadily be applied to, and may be adapted to be operative on, one ormore other communication systems. Those communication systems mayinclude computer networks, cellular networks, satellite networks, andthe like. In some embodiments, communications may be based on one ormore standards, protocols, or the like. For example, communications maybe IP-based in some embodiments.

Although not required, various aspects described herein may be embodiedas a method, a data processing system, and/or as a transitory and/ornon-transitory computer-readable medium storing executable instructions.Accordingly, those aspects may take the form of an entirely hardwareembodiment, an entirely software embodiment, an entirely firmwareembodiment, or an embodiment combining software, firmware, and/orhardware. The functionality may be resident in a single computing deviceor application, or may be distributed across multiple computingdevices/platforms or applications, the multiple computingdevices/platforms optionally being connected to one another via one ormore networks. Moreover, the structural components described herein maybe distributed amongst one or more devices, optionally within a commonhousing or casing.

Various signals representing content, data, or events as describedherein may be transferred between a source and a destination in the formof electromagnetic waves traveling through signal-conducting media suchas metal wires, optical fibers, and/or wireless transmission media(e.g., air and/or space).

The various methods and acts may be operative across one or morecomputing servers and one or more networks. The functionality may bedistributed in any manner, or may be located in a single computingdevice (e.g., a server, a client computer, etc.).

The methodological acts and processes described herein may be tied toparticular machines or apparatuses. For example, as described herein,content may be downloaded based at least in part on one or more basebitrates and one or more differential bitrates. More generally, one ormore apparatuses may include one or more processors and memory storinginstructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe one or more apparatuses to perform the methodological acts andprocesses described herein. Furthermore, the methodological acts andprocesses described herein may perform a variety of functions includingtransforming an article (e.g., content corresponding to a base bitrate)into a different state or thing (e.g., enhanced or higher qualitycontent based on content downloaded via a base bitrate and contentdownloaded via a differential bitrate).

Aspects of the disclosure have been described in terms of illustrativeembodiments thereof. While illustrative systems and methods as describedherein embodying various aspects of the present disclosure are shown, itwill be understood by those skilled in the art, that the disclosure isnot limited to these embodiments. Modifications may be made by thoseskilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.For example, each of the features of the aforementioned illustrativeexamples may be utilized alone or in combination or subcombination withelements of the other examples. For example, any of the above describedsystems and methods or parts thereof may be combined with the othermethods and systems or parts thereof described above in any order. Itwill also be appreciated and understood that modifications may be madewithout departing from the true spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrativeinstead of restrictive on the present disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storingexecutable instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause theapparatus to: download data received in response to a request; determinethat the download of at least a portion of the data completed before ananticipated point in time; and select a differential data fordownloading based at least in part on the determination.
 2. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein thedifferential data comprises higher quality data.
 3. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, further cause the apparatus to: download data received via theselected differential data.
 4. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 3, wherein the instructions, when executed, furthercause the apparatus to: determine that the downloading of the datareceived via the selected differential data completed before theanticipated point in time.
 5. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 4, wherein the differential data comprises higherquality encoded differential data relative to the downloaded data, andwherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to:cause higher quality encoded data to be presented live based on thehigher quality encoded differential data and the downloaded dataresponsive to determining that the downloading of the data received viathe selected differential data completed before the anticipated point intime.
 6. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 4, whereinthe instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to: selectthe differential data as a base data for a future download responsive todetermining that the downloading of the data received via the selecteddifferential data completed before the anticipated point in time.
 7. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 3, wherein thedifferential data comprises higher quality encoded differential datarelative to the downloaded data, and wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, further cause the apparatus to: receive a command for asecondary playback of content; and responsive to receiving the commandfor the secondary playback, cause higher quality encoded data to bepresented based on the higher quality encoded differential data and thedownloaded data.
 8. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim3, wherein the downloaded data received via the selected differentialdata corresponds to the at least a portion of the data.
 9. An apparatuscomprising: at least one processor; and memory storing instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatusto: download data received in response to a request, determine that thedownload of at least a portion of the data completed before ananticipated point in time relative to a block size of the data, andselect a differential data for downloading based at least in part on thedetermination.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the data comprisesat least one of audio data and video data, and wherein the data isreceived via at least one of a channel, a stream, and a layer.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the instructions, when executed by the atleast one processor, cause the apparatus to: download data received viathe selected differential data.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause theapparatus to: cause high quality encoded data to be presented live basedon the downloaded data received via the selected differential data andthe downloaded data.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein theinstructions, when executed by the at least one processor, cause theapparatus to: determine that the downloading of the data received viathe selected differential data completed before the anticipated point intime, and select the differential data as a base data for a futuredownload responsive to determining that the downloading of the datareceived via the selected differential data completed before theanticipated point in time.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein thedifferential data comprises higher quality encoded differential datarelative to the downloaded data, and wherein the instructions, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: receivea command for a secondary playback of content, and responsive toreceiving the command for the secondary playback, cause higher qualityencoded data to be presented based on the higher quality encodeddifferential data and the downloaded data.
 15. The apparatus of claim14, wherein the command comprises a rewind command.
 16. The apparatus ofclaim 9, further comprising: a clock, wherein the determination that thedownload of the data completed before the anticipated point in time isbased at least in part on counting a number of cycles of the clock. 17.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the instructions, when executed by theat least one processor, cause the apparatus to: calculate a proportionof a bitrate associated with the differential data and a bitrateassociated with the data, and calculate a proportion of a portion timeassociated with the block size and a time it takes to download thereceived data, wherein the differential data is selected from aplurality of candidate differential feeds based at least in part on acomparison of the calculated proportions.
 18. A method comprising:receiving, at an apparatus, a selection of a bitrate for downloading afragment of content based at least in part on a time it took to downloada prior fragment of the content using a different bitrate.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, further comprising: determining, at the apparatus,at least one of a signal strength and a modulation; and selecting thebitrate based on the determination of the at least one of a signalstrength and a modulation.
 20. The method of claim 18, furthercomprising: determining that a website associated with videos on demandis selected; and selecting the bitrate based on the determination thatthe website is selected.